Job opportunities after M Pharm Pharmacology -Part 1

Job opportunities after M Pharm Pharmacology is explained in 3 parts.

Introduction:

M pharmacy is a two years post graduation degree. M Pharmacy entrance is available after successful completion of four years B pharmacy (under graduation degree). Candidates can clear the State-wide exam like PGECET(Post Graduate Engineering Common Entrance Test) or central wide exam like GPAT(Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test) to obtain the seat in M pharmacy. Top government institutes like NIPER(National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research) will conduct another entrance test for M Pharmacy admission. They will give chance only to GPAT qualifying students to write the NIPER exam.It means if you want to get NIPER admission, you have to qualify GPAT along with good rank in NIPER JEE exam.

Apart from these exams, various private and deemed universities will also offer this M pharmacy course. But admission procedure and fee structure is entirely different from university to university.

e.g: Gitam University, BITS University etc.

For these deemed universities, their own specialised entrance exams will be conducted. Like GAT(Gitam Admission Test) for Gitam University and BITSAT (BITS Admission Test) for BITS University.

Job opportunities after M Pharm Pharmacology:

Pharmacology is a branch of medical sciences which deals with the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug molecule. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics simply known as what body does to the drug and what drug does to the body respectively. M pharmacy pharmacology is a two years post graduation degree. Coming to the job opportunities after M pharm pharmacology is mostly different compared to job opportunities after m pharm pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical analysis. Although the number of vacancies for pharmacology is less compared to pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical analysis; Presence of pharmacology is every where: where there is a health science related course. Like MBBS, Nursing, Dentistry etc.

Job opportunities after m pharm pharmacology as follows

1. Academics:

It is the commonly available job option for every master degree graduate. Usually M pharm pharmacology graduates are allowed to teach B Pharmacy and D Pharmacy. If you are interested in the part time Phd, teaching profession is the best option. You will have much time to focus on your research work.

2. Pharmaceutical Industry:

Different jobs are available in this filed. We can divide these work under following ways

2a) Clinical Research:

Clinical research involves different types of studies. It includes Bio availability/Bio equivalence studies, clinical trail end point studies, claim studies and  phases of clinical trials. Clinical trial starts from Phase 0 (Micro dosing) to  Phase 4. Phase 4 starts from after approval of the drug into the market. Up to phase 3 trails involved before getting market drug approval. Clinical research department can also called as clinical pharmacology and therapeutics in some organisations. Coming to the job opportunities after m pharm pharmacology, different types of vacancies available here.

Related: Types of clinical trials

Clinical Research coordinator:

He/She will conduct the clinical research/study in humans according to the  protocol procedure under the medical doctor supervision. This is a clinical center(Hospitals/CRO) side job. They are directly deals with the patients. Clinical Research Assistant or Lab coordinator designations used similarly for Clinical Research Coordinator .

Clinical Research Associate(CRA):

This is a job provided from the sponsor side. Contract Research Organisation also itself  employees CRAs*. It can also called as Monitor. He/She is the communication bridge between the Sponsor and clinical trial centre. He/She is the responsible person for smooth conductance of the clinical research. You have to visit clinical trial centres periodically for monitoring the trial. You will travel various cities where your study centres are.

* Because clinical research is not a small process, all work can’t be conducted form one CRO. Even if a CRO got a project from sponsor and if it is a multi centre trail, they have to conduct some of their work in other research hospitals. In this case they have to coordinate from 3 parties that is sponsor, CRO and clinical trail centre.

job opportunities after m pharm

2b) Preclinical research:

It includes various studies like In-vitro and In-vivo DMPK(Drug Metabolism Pharmacokinetics), safety pharmacology, invitro studies, bioassays and toxicology studies(systemic toxicology, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity studies etc) using animals. Toxicology studies conducted to know the benefit-risk ratio. These studies required for developing the Investigational New Drug(IND). As well as according to the regulatory requirements sponsors need to produce the data of these studies based on type of applications (For eg USFDA ANDA or NDA(505b1 or 505 b2)). Coming to the Job opportunities after m pharm pharmacology, Trainee research associate is available vacancies for freshers. Job profile includes careful handling of animals and dose administration through various routes, calculating the dose etc. You should plan, prepare, conduct and complete the studies as per Good Laboratory Practices(GLP).

Note: Some companies give internship opportunities for the M pharm pharmcology students/ freshers designated as project assistant on temporary basis. Internship period is 6 months or more by providing a little amount (5000 Rs) as scholarship.  They may recruit you or otherwise provide you the work experience letter. It is useful for your next job.

Click here to continuation of the opportunities.

Clinical sas programmer interview questions for freshers –Part 3

Clinical sas programmer interview questions for freshers 

This is the continuation of clinical sas programmer interview questions part2.

21) how to assign the title and footnotes for the created report or tables?

Ans: we can create the title and footnotes in SAS using title and footnote statement.

The syntax is as follows,

Title1 “  the demographic results for patient n=20 “ ;

Title are visible at the top of the report or table.

And

Footnote1 “ here we are in this table we are having the 2 dropouts”;

And footnote are visible at the bottom of the report or table.

We will create the 10 title and and 10 footnote at a time in SAS. If we assign the same title or footnote two time in SAS programme it will override to next one and like that output will be create in the report window.

Related: Phases of clinical trials- Overview

22) how to convert the SAS report and output tables into the external files?

Ans: there are many external reporting files are available for submitting the reports and dataset. Which are as follows,

  1. pdf (portable data file)
  2. rtf (rich text file)
  3. txt (text file)
  4. doc (word file)

Many time we want to convert our SAS output report and outputs into this external reporting files. For that within SAS output delivery system (ODS) is the statement available.

For EX:

Suppose, we want to make PDF file output

The syntax is as follows.

Ods pdf file = “path with extension where we want to create the file”;

Proc print data=sashelp.class;

Run;

Ods pdf close;

Whichever program are mentioned within first ods and last ods statement that output will be created in the pdf file.

clinical sas programmer interview questions pharmaclub

23) what is the use of array in SAS programme?

Ans: suppose if we want to do same task repeatedly many time say 20 time. If we are going by traditional way, we want to make programme 20 times. It will take lots of time and hard work. By using array, we will do it by using the single programme. It will reduce time as well as hard work.

i.e by using array we will make the series of observation into single variable.

The syntax of array is as follows,

Array array_name (n) Array_values;

24) suppose we have given the following programme

Libname abcd “path of folder”;

Data abcd.one;

       A=4;

        B=7

        D=a*b;

Run;

What output we will get for variable D?

Ans: In SAS different operators are available for making some expression or calculations.

  1. exponential operator (**) means (^)
  2. subtraction (-)
  3. multiplication (*)
  4. addition (+)
  5. division (/)

Here in our programme it is an exponential operator

Here A =4 and b=7

So we will get

C=a*b=4**7 =16384

We will get this output in the output window.

25) what is the use and difference of drop and keep statement as well as options in SAS?

Ans: the drop and keep options we are using independently in the options statement. As well as in set statement and data step.

The syntax is

Options drop=var_a keep=var_c;  * means we are droping here variable var_a and keeping variable var_c;

Also we can use in data and set statement.

EX.

Data abc (keep=var_a);

                                Set abc1 (drop=var_abc);

Run;

 Now, drop and keep statement we will be use in the data set for dropping and keeping the variables.

Ex.

Data abc ;

Set abcd;

Drop var_1;

Keep var_2;

Run;

26) How to deal with the missing date values in SAS?

Ans: In SAS while working on the data some time we are having some missing date values.

For example:

Data abc;

                                Input date &;

Datalines

21/07/18

;

Here we want this date as in some century.

Date= 21/07/18 here we don’t know this date belongs to which century.

Within SAS we are having yearcutoff option which creates the 100 years’ time span.

The by default yearcutff value is 1920 that is it will create (1920-2019) this 100 years’ time span.

And

Here our data =21/07/18 are come under 2018 century. So this 21/07/2018 will be shown in the output. Like that we are dealing with the missing date values in SAS.

27)  what is the use of proc print procedure?

Ans: this is the procedure in SAS which shows the listing output of the SAS dataset in the output window. Also we can restrict the listing dataset for showing the observations that we don’t want in the output window using obs and firstobs option.

For Ex.

Suppose we are having SAS dataset sys_bp which contain 20 observations

Now we want to show listing output and only first 10 observations.

Data SYS_bp;

             Set SYS_bp2;

Run;

Proc print data=sys_bp firstobs=1 obs=10;

Run;

That is, we will get the listing output for only first 10 variables in the output window.

28) Suppose we are having the SAS dataset

Data ab;

                   Input pid gender $ 6.;

Datalines;

01 Male;

02 Female;

03 Male;

04 Female;

Run;

Now we want to convert this male and female values in binary number 0 and 1.

Write the programme for it?

Ans:

Here for doing this task we want to use here conditional looping or also we will do it by creating our own user defined format. In SAS there are many ways for doing one task or thing differently.

First we will do it using conditional looping

Data ab;

                                Input pid gender $ 6.;

                                If gender=” Male” then sex=1;

                                Else if gender =” female” then sex=0;

Run;

Now we can do it using proc format

First we will create the user defined format

Proc format;

               Value gender$

            “Male” = 1

            “Female”=0

;

Data ab;

                  Input pid gender $ 6. ;

                  Format gender$.;

Datalines;.

01 Male;

02 Female;

03 Male;

04 Female;

Run;

29) what is the SAS standard rule for the naming and assigning length for character and numeric variable in SAS?

Ans: In SAS for each type of variables we are having some SAS standard rules which is as follows

  1. Character variables: this variable contains only A-Z letters, and special characters.

The maximum length of the character variables is 32k means (32767 bytes). For 1-character digit it will take the 1 bytes.

  1. numeric variable: this variable contains the 0-9 digits, E notations etc.

The maximum length of the numeric variable Is 8 bytes which is very huge length lots of numeric values comes under this length.

Also for assigning label length is 256-character long. If it exceeds the 256 character, then SAS programme shows the error in the log window.

30) what is the use of where statement in SAS?

Ans: In practically when we are working in clinical related fields many time we want to subset the dataset or categorise the dataset for doing it where statement is very useful.

To create the subset of the larger dataset where statement is used.

For Ex: Suppose, we are having the demographics data which contains all the demographics information of (n=50) patients. But we want only those patients for the analysis whose age is greater than 18. By using where statement we can do it.

Programme is as follows,

Data abc;

              Set abc1;

              Where age > 18;

Run;

Here we will get new SAS dataset abc which contains all observations for those patients age is greater than 18.

Author: Mayur Kharche (Clinical sas programmer& Biostatistician)

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